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no.4-1 section 2
1. hydrogen is the ----element of the universe in that it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.
(a) steadiest (b) expendable (c) lightest
(d) final (e) fundamental
2. few of us take the pains to study our cherished convictions; indeed, we almost have a natural--- -doing so.
(a) aptitude for (b) repugnance to
(c) interest in (d) ignorance of
(e) reaction after
3. it is his dubious distinction to have proved what nobody would think of denying, that romero at the age of sixty-four writes with all the characteristics of----.
(a) maturity (b) fiction (c) inventiveness
(d) art (e) brilliance
4. the primary criterion for----a school is its recent performance: critics are----to extend credit for earlier victories.
(a) evaluating .. prone
(b) investigating .. hesitant
(c) judging .. reluctant
(d) improving .. eager
(e) administering .. persuaded
5. number theory is rich in problems of an especially----sort: they are tantalizingly simple to state but----difficult to solve.
(a) cryptic.. deceptively
(b) spurious.. equally
(c) abstruse.. ostensibly
(d) elegant.. rarely
(e) vexing ..notoriously
6. in failing to see that the justice's pronouncement merely----previous decisions rather than actually establishing a precedent, the novice law clerk----the scope of the justice's judgment.
(a) synthesized.. limited
(b) overturned.. misunderstood
(c) endorsed.. nullified
(d) qualified.. overemphasized
(e) recapitulated.. defined
7. when theories formerly considered to be---- in their scientific objectivity are found instead to reflect a consistent observational and evaluative bias, then the presumed neutrality of science gives way to the recognition that categories of knowledge are human----.
(a) disinterested.. constructions
(b) callous.. errors
(c) verifiable.. prejudices
(d) convincing.. imperatives
(e) unassailable.. fantasies
8. choir: singer::
(a) election: voter
(b) anthology: poet
(c) cast: actor
(d) orchestra: composer
(e) convention: speaker
9. glaring: bright::
(a) iridescent: colorful
(b) perceptible: visible
(c) discordant: harmonious
(d) peppery: salty
(e) deafening: loud
10. maverick: conformity::
(a) renegade: ambition
(b) extrovert: reserve
(c) reprobate: humility
(d) zealot: loyalty
(e) strategist: decisiveness
11. slither: snake::
(a) perch: eagle (b) bask: lizard
(c) waddle: duck (d) circle: hawk
(e) croak: frog
12. countenance: toleration::
(a) defer: ignorance (b) renounce: mistrust
(c) encroach: jealousy (d) demur: objection
(e) reject: disappointment
13. proctor: supervise::
(a) prophet: rule
(b) profiteer: consume
(c) profligate: demand
(d) prodigal: squander
(e) prodigy: wonder
14. redolent: smell::
(a) curious: knowledge
(b) lucid: sight
(c) torpid: motion
(d) ephemeral: touch
(e) piquant: taste
15. torque: rotation::
(a) centrifuge: axis
(b) osmosis: membrane
(c) tension: elongation
(d) elasticity: variation
(e) gas: propulsion
16. subsidy: support::
(a) assistance: endowment
(b) funds: fellowship
(c) credit: payment
(d) debt: obligation
(e) loan: note
by the time the american colonists took up arms against great britain in order to secure their indepen- dence, the institution of black slavery was deeply entrenched. but the contradiction inherent in this situation was, for many, a source of constant embar- rassment. 'it always appeared a most iniquitous scheme to me,' abigail adams wrote her husband in 1774, 'to fight ourselves for what we are daily robbing and plundering from those who have as good a right to freedom as we have.'
many americans besides abigail adams were struck by the inconsistency of their stand during the war of independence, and they were not averse to making moves to emancipate the slaves. quakers and other religious groups organized antislavery societies, while numerous individuals manumitted their slaves. in fact, within several years of the end of the war of independence, most of the eastern states had made provisions for the gradual emancipation of slaves.
17. which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?
(a) the war of independence produced among many black americans a heightened consciousness of the inequities in ameri- can society.
(b) the war of independence strengthened the bonds of slavery of many black ameri- cans while intensifying their desire to be free.
(c) the war of independence exposed to many americans the contradiction of slavery in a country seeking its freedom and resulted in efforts to resolve that contradiction.
(d) the war of independence provoked strong criticisms by many americans of the institution of slavery, but produced little substantive action against it.
(e) the war of independence renewed the efforts of many american groups toward achieving black emancipation.
18. the passage contains information that would support which of the following statements about the colonies before the war of independence?
(a) they contained organized antislavery societies.
(b) they allowed individuals to own slaves.
(c) they prohibited religious groups from political action.
(d) they were inconsistent in their legal definitions of slave status.
(e) they encouraged abolitionist societies to expand their influence.
19. according to the passage, the war of indepen- dence was embarrassing to some americans for which of the following reasons?
i. it involved a struggle for many of the same liberties that americans were denying to others.
ii. it involved a struggle for independence from the very nation that had founded the colonies.
iii. it involved a struggle based on inconsis- tencies in the participants' conceptions of freedom.
(a) i only (b) ii only (c) i and ii only
(d) i and iii only (e) i, ii, and iii
20. which of the following statements regarding american society in the years immediately following the war of independence is best supported by the passage?
(a)the unexpected successes of the anti- slavery societies led to their gradual demise in the eastern states.
(b) some of the newly independent american states had begun to make progress toward abolishing slavery.
(c) americans like abigail adams became disillusioned with the slow progress of emancipation and gradually abandoned the cause.
(d) emancipated slaves gradually were accepted in the eastern states as equal members of american society.
(e) the abolition of slavery in many eastern states was the result of close cooperation between religious groups and free blacks.
the evolution of sex ratios has produced, in most plants and animals with separate sexes, approxi- mately equal numbers of males and females. why should this be so? two main kinds of answers have been offered. one is couched in terms of advantage to population. it is argued that the sex ratio will evolve so as to maximize the number of meetings between individuals of the opposite sex. this is essentially a 'group selection' argument. the other, and in my view correct, type of answer was first put forward by fisher in 1930. this 'genetic' argument starts from the assumption that genes can influence the relative numbers of male and female offspring produced by an individual carrying the genes. that sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descen- dants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. suppose that the popula- tion consisted mostly of females: then an individual who produced sons only would have more grand- children. in contrast, if the population consisted mostly of males, it would pay to have daughters. if, however, the population consisted of equal numbers of males and females, sons and daughters would be equally valuable. thus a one-to-one sex ratio is the only stable ratio; it is an 'evolutionarily stable strategy.' although fisher wrote before the mathe- matical theory of games had been developed, his theory incorporates the essential feature of a game- that the best strategy to adopt depends on what others are doing.
since fisher's time, it has been realized that genes can sometimes influence the chromosome or gamete in which they find themselves so that the gamete will be more likely to participate in fertilization. if such a gene occurs on a sex-determining (x or y) chromo- some, then highly aberrant sex ratios can occur. but more immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females. in these species, fertilized eggs develop into females and unfertilized eggs into males. a female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfer- tilized. by fisher's argument, it should still pay a female to produce equal numbers of sons and daughters. hamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their host-the larva of another insect-and that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse, offered a remarkably cogent analysis. since only one female usually lays eggs in a given larva, it would pay her to produce one male only, because this one male could fertilize all his sisters on emergence. like fisher, hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking for a strategy.
21. the author suggests that the work of fisher and hamilton was similar in that both scientists
(a) conducted their research at approximately the same time
(b) sought to manipulate the sex ratios of some of the animals they studied
(c) sought an explanation of why certain sex ratios exist and remain stable
(d) studied game theory, thereby providing important groundwork for the later development of strategy theory
(e) studied reproduction in the same animal species
22. it can be inferred from the passage that the author considers fisher's work to be
(a) fallacious and unprofessional
(b) definitive and thorough
(c) inaccurate but popular, compared with hamilton's work
(d) admirable, but not as up-to-date as hamilton's work
(e) accurate, but trivial compared with hamilton's work
23. the passage contains information that would answer which of the following questions about wasps?
i. how many eggs does the female wasp usually lay in a single host larva?
ii. can some species of wasp determine sex ratios among their offspring?
iii what is the approximate sex ratio among the offspring of parasitic wasps?
(a) i only (b) ii only (c) iii only
(d) i and ii only (e) ii and iii only
24. it can be inferred that the author discusses the genetic theory in greater detail than the group selection theory primarily because he believes that the genetic theory is more
(a) complicated (b) accurate (c) popular
(d) comprehensive (e) accessible
25. according to the passage, successful game strategy depends on
(a) the ability to adjust one's behavior in light of the behavior of others
(b) one's awareness that there is safety in numbers
(c) the degree of stability one can create in one's immediate environment
(d) the accuracy with which one can predict future events
(e) the success one achieves in conserving and storing one's resources
26. it can be inferred from the passage that the mathematical theory of games has been
(a) developed by scientists with an interest in genetics
(b) adopted by hamilton in his research
(c) helpful in explaining how genes can some- times influence gametes
(d) based on animals studies conducted prior to 1930
(e) useful in explaining some biological phenomena
27. which of the following is not true of the species of parasitic wasps discussed in the passage?
(a) adult female wasps are capable of storing sperm.
(b) female wasps lay their eggs in the larvae of other insects.
(c) the adult female wasp can be fertilized by a male that was hatched in the same larva as herself.
(d) so few male wasps are produced that extinction is almost certain.
(e) male wasps do not emerge from their hosts until they reach sexual maturity.
28. commotion:
(a) desirability (b) likability
(c) propensity (d) changeability
(e) tranquillity
29. indeterminate:
(a) qualified (b) definite (c) stubborn
(d) effective (e) committed
30. diverge:
(a) relay (b) bypass (c) enclose
(d) work quickly (e) come together
31. flippant:
(a) evenly distributed (b) well coordinated
(c) inflexible (d) sane (e) earnest
32. nexus:
(a) disconnected components
(b) tangled threads (c) lost direction
(d) unseen obstacle (e) damaged parts
33. levy:
(a) reconsider (b) relinquish
(c) repatriate (d) revitalize (e) rescind
34. anomalous:
(a) porous (b) viscous (c) essential
(d) normal (e) elemental
35. grouse:
(a) rejoice (b) rekindle (c) restore
(d) reject (e) reflect
36. gist:
(a) tangential point (b) tentative explanation
(c) faulty assumption (d) flawed argument
(e) meaningless distinction
37. effrontery:
(a) decorum (b) candor (c) resolution
(d) perplexity (e) mediation
38. limpid:
(a) rampant (b) vapid (c) turbid
(d) rigid (e) resilient
no. 4-1 section 3
questions 1-7
a certain code uses only the letters k, l, m, n, and o. words in the code are written from left to right. code words are only those words that conform to the following conditions:
the minimum length for code words is two letters, not necessarily different from each other.
k cannot be the first letter in a word.
l must occur more than once in a word, if it occurs at all.
m cannot be the last letter in a word, nor the next-to-the-last letter.
n must occur in a word if k occurs in the word.
o cannot be the last letter in a word unless
l occurs in the word.
1. which of the following letters could be placed after o in l o to form a code word exactly three letters long?
(a) k (b) l (c) m (d) n (e) o
2. if the only kinds of letters that are available are k, l, and m, then the total number of different code words, each exactly two letters long, that it is possible to make is
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 9 (e) 12
3. which of the following is a code word?
(a) k l l n (b) l o m l (c) m l l o
(d) n m k o (e) o n k m
4. what is the total number of different code words exactly three identical letters long that it is possible to make?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (e) 5
5. the code word m m l l o k n can be turned into another code word by carrying out any one of the following changes except
(a) replacing every l with an n
(b) replacing the first m with an o
(c) replacing the n with an o
(d) moving the o to the immediate right of the n
(e) moving the second l to the immediate left of the k
6. which of the following is not a code word but could be turned into one by changing the order of the letters within the word?
(a) k l m n o (b) l l l k n
(c) m k n o n (d) n k l m l
(e) o m m l l
7. which of the following could be turned into a code word by replacing the 'x' with a letter used in the code?
(a) m k x n o (b) m x k m n
(c) x m m k o (d) x m o l k
(e) x o k l l
questions 8-9
'on the whole,' ms. dennis remarked, 'engi- neering students are lazier now than they used to be. i know because fewer and fewer of my students regularly do the work they are assigned. '
8. the conclusion drawn above depends on which of the following assumptions?
(a) engineering students are working less because, in a booming market, they are spending more and more time investigating different job opportunities.
(b) whether or not students do the work they are assigned is a good indication of how lazy they are.
(c) engineering students should work harder than students in less demanding fields.
(d) ms. dennis' students are doing less work because ms. dennis is not as effective a teacher as she once was.
(e) laziness is something most people do not outgrow.
9. which of the following identifies a flaw in ms. dennis' reasoning?
(a) plenty of people besides engineering students do not work as hard as they should.
(b) ms. dennis does not consider the excuses her students may have for being lazy.
(c) the argument does not propose any con- structive solutions to the problem it identifies.
(d) the argument assumes that ms. dennis' students are representative of engineering students in general.
(e) ms. dennis does not seem sympathetic to the problems of her students.
10. popular culture in the united states has become europeanized to an extent unimaginable twenty- five years ago. not many people then drank wine with meals, and no one drank imported mineral water. no idea would have been more astonishing than that americans would pay to watch soccer games. such thoughts arise because of a report that the american association of state highway and transportation officials has just adopted a proposal to develop the country's first comprehensive interstate system of routes for bicycles.
which of the following inferences is best supported by the passage?
(a) long-distance bicycle routes are used in europe.
(b) drinking imported mineral water is a greater luxury than drinking imported wine.
(c) united states culture has benefited from exposure to foreign ideas.
(d) most europeans make regular use of bicycles.
(e) the influence of the united states on european culture has assumed unprecedented proportions in the last twenty-five years.
20. if m is to be scheduled for the first day of the month, which of the following pairs of patients cannot be scheduled for consecutive days?
(a) l and p (b) m and l (c) m and n
(d) n and o (e) n and p
21. if no patient is to be scheduled for the first of the month, which of the following could be true?
(a) m is scheduled for the day before the day of l's first treatment.
(b) n is scheduled for the day before the day of l's first treatment.
(c) o is scheduled for the day before the day of l's first treatment.
(d) p is scheduled for the day before the day of l's second treatment.
(e) p is scheduled for the day after the day of o's treatment.
22. if n is scheduled for the day before the day of l's first treatment, the days for which m's treatment can be scheduled include the
(a) first day and second day
(b) first day and fourth day
(c) second day and third day
(d) second day and fourth day
(e) third day and fourth day
23. the supreme court is no longer able to keep pace with the tremendous number of cases it agrees to decide. the court schedules and hears 160 hours of oral argument each year, and 108 hours of next year's term will be taken up by cases left over from this year. certainly the court cannot be asked to increase its al- ready burdensome hours. the most reasonable long-range solution to this problem is to allow the court to decide many cases without hearing oral argument; in this way the court might eventually increase dramatically the number of cases it decides each year.
which of the following, if true, could best be used to argue against the feasibility of the solution suggested above?
(a) the time the court spends hearing oral argument is only a small part of the total time it spends deciding a case.
(b) the court cannot legitimately avoid hearing oral argument in any case left over from last year.
(c) most authorities agree that 160 hours of oral argument is the maximum number that the court can handle per year.
(d) even now the court decides a small number of cases without hearing oral argument.
(e) in many cases, the delay of a hearing for a full year can be extremely expensive to the parties involved.
24. that social institutions influence the formation of character has become a generally accepted proposition. this doctrine views individuals as but compliant recipients of social influence: personalities are entirely the products of society, and at any point in life an individual's person- ality can be changed by management of the social world. crime is said to exist only because society has in some ways failed in its responsibility to give every person the resources to lead a productive life. however, whereas it is true that extreme poverty forces some people to steal, it is obvious that some persons will commit crimes no matter how well society treats them.
which of the following is implied by the 'doctrine' (line 3) described in the passage above?
(a) social institutions may reflect personality as much as they shape it.
(b) social influence on personality is most strongly felt by the affluent.
(c) the concentration of wealth in the hands of a privileged few accounts for the existence of crime.
(d) bringing about social reform is the most likely means of curtailing crime.
(e) less severe punishment of crime would be likely to result in more crime.
25. the sense of delayed gratification, of working now for later pleasure, has helped shape the economic behavior of our society. however, that sense is no longer nurtured as consistently in our children as it once was. for example, it used to take a bit of patience to put together toys that children got in cereal boxes; now the toys come from the boxes whole.
which of the following is an assumption of the passage above?
(a) the toys in cereal boxes have changed partly because the economic conditions of our society have improved.
(b) the influence of promotion gimmicks on the economic behavior of our society has increased over the years.
(c) the toys that used to come in cereal boxes were put together by the same children who played with them.
(d) part of the pleasure of any toy lies in putting the toy together before playing with it.
(e) today's children do not expect a single toy to provide pleasure for a long period of time.
